My goal here was to assemble a small kit that covered all the basic categories, but was small enough to pack into a day bag or purse or the side pocket of a pair of cargo pants. I'm treating this assembly of items as a first draft because the final package was a little larger than I intended which makes it more likely that it won't be carried. An emergency kit that you don't have with you is no good at all. I tried to imagine what I would need if I had to survive for a day or two in the wild with items small enough to fit into this form factor.

Shelter - A large, contractor black trash bag (3 mil) can be used as a tarp by slitting the sides of the bag. If it is filled with leaves it can be a mattress, pillow, or blanket. Since the thick plastic is already fairly insulating, it can be used as a sleeping bag.
Water - This kit is too small to carry water, but I've included ways to collect, store and purify it. I've included a gallon and quart Ziploc freezer bags, which can be used to collect rainwater, or used in various survival applications to line a solar still, wrapped around branches for transpiration, etc. The trash bag could also be used to collect rainwater, either directly into the bag itself or by shaping it to funnel runoff into the gallon Ziploc. The two MicroPur tablets from Katadyn will purify 2 liters of water. The orange bandana can be used to filter sediment from collected water. The square of heavy duty aluminum foil can be shaped into a cup to boil water to purify it.
Food - Not much can go in this pack, but I included 2 sticks of Juicy Fruit gum and a Dum Dum lollipop for a bit of sugar and a psychological boost. There's also a small packet of electrolyte replacement powder (black cherry flavor) which could also mask the taste of collected or chemically purified water. I'd love to find room for a tea bag and some Splenda packets.
Warmth/Clothing - The black trash bag can be used a poncho. Just tear or cut a hole in the center near the bottom for your face. You can also make armholes if you need to use them while wearing the bag, but you'll stay warmer if you don't. There's a single-use handwarmer to keep your hands or feet warm for a few hours. The bandana can be used as a do-rag to keep the sun off your head.
Light/Fire - There is a flat LED flashlight and a mini Bic lighter. A cyalume glowstick will provide some longer lasting light with a lanyard hole to hang it if needed. The antibacterial gel will burn and can be used to help start a fire. The tissues and 3x5 notecards can be burned as tinder also.
First Aid - In a snack-sized Ziploc I've put 2 bandaids, one liquid bandage swab, a Neosporin packet, a moleskin for blister prevention, and 2 moist towelettes. I have some chapstick with SPF 15 to prevent lipburn.
In another little Ziploc I've put 2 acetaminophen 500mg tablets for pain, 2 diphenhydramine 25mg tablets for allergic reactions or as a sleeping aid, 2 loperamide 2mg tablets for diarrhea, 3 aspirin 325mg tablets for pain, 3 ibuprofen 200mg tablets for inflammation, and 2 antacids. The bandana can be used to secure a dressing or splint.
Money/Barter - I put in a $20 bill and 4 quarters for emergency purchases or phone calls. A prepaid phonecard would be a good addition.
Hygiene - I've included a partial package of travel Kleenex and a thin bottle of antibacterial gel.
Tools/Misc - My secret weapon in this kit is the thin but versatile Victorinox Swisscard. The black case has a red LED, a magnifying glass, and a ruler built in. It houses a small knife, a pin, a pen, tweezers, scissors, and a four headed screwdriver (upper right in the photo) that works surprisingly well. I've included duct tape because it can be used to repair clothing, bandage skin, secure the knife to a pole to make a small hunting spear, shelter construction, etc. It is so useful and versatile that you will likely discover an unintended use in an emergency situation. Mine is wound around a small piece of cardboard that I have attached a couple of safety pins to. These can be used to repair clothing, secure a bandage or can be left open to form a small fishing hook. I've included a rubber band and 2 zip ties for miscellaneous fastening needs. I've also included 12 inches of paracord, but this actually gives me 8 feet of cordage. Each length of parachute cord has a tough outer woven sheath and seven strands of nylon inside that can be used separately or tied together. If I need a really thin thread, these strands can be untwisted to form 3 threads each. I'd like to include a little more, but I'm bursting at the seams as it is. The note card is for, well, notes.
The black trash bag provided one other unexpected benefit - when folded to fit in a quart Ziploc bag, it creates an accordion-style partition for the bag that allowed to separate these items. I tried fitting it into a wide-mouth Nalgene 1 liter water bottle and could almost get it all in, but not quite. Even this package was bulkier than I intended. I'm going to have to lose something - I'm not sure what yet. Nevertheless, it was a fun exercise to get all of this into a small bag. This fit easily into a fanny pack that I owned with room to spare. I need to get it small enough that my wife would carry it. Keep an eye out here for future modifications.
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